Poster at a ‘free Kareem" rally in DC. Kareem Amer was arrested by Egyptian authorities for posts on his blog that were considered to be anti-religious and insulting to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Photo Credit: Flickr

When an Egyptian court sentenced twenty-two-year-old blogger Abdel Kareem Nabil Soliman to a four-year prison sentence for contempt of religion, insulting the president, and spreading false information, the decision, upheld in an appeals court in Alexandria, drew international attention. Known by his Internet nom de plume "Kareem Amer," the college student has plenty of successors. Wael Abbas, another Egyptian blogger who posted videos of torture in an Egyptian prison, reportedly has a warrant pending for his arrest (NPR). ¹ Several bloggers were beaten and arrested during protests against constitutional amendments that critics say roll back personal freedoms (HRW). ²

Although scarce in totalitarian states with ultra-stringent controls on expression, bloggers have emerged in countries like Iran, China, and Egypt, where citizens have access to computers and free speech is somewhat protected (WorldChanging), ³ according to Ethan Zuckerman of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School. Bloggers' influence has grown across the Arab world (Poynter) ⁴ and Iran, in which the BBC estimates there were between ten thousand and fifteen thousand bloggers in 2004.

Although scarce in totalitarian states, bloggers have emerged in countries like Iran, China, and Egypt, where free speech is somewhat protected.

But regimes are fighting back. Joel Simon of the Committee to Protect Journalists says "authoritarian states have made the Internet a major front." A 2006 report ⁵ on jailed journalists shows one in three is a blogger, online editor, or Web-based reporter. In additional to prosecuting journalists, governments block blogging sites, require licenses for internet service providers, and hold those providers accountable for the content they carry. Iranian authorities passed a law requiring bloggers to register with the government, which drew strong reactions from the Iranian expatriate blogging community.

In some cases, regimes collude with private companies, such as Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo! (PDF), who face the difficult choice of acquiescing or completely withdrawing from a country. A report from the OpenNet Initiative ⁶ , a project to monitor state filtration and surveillance of the Internet, shows that Internet censorship is spreading, as filtering software gets smarter and regimes learn techniques from China⁷ —the king of web censorship.

China openly declares its commitment to "purifying the internet" (Reuters). ⁸ Last year, Beijing silenced one of the country's most popular bloggers, but the sheer number of China's ten million blogs poses a Sisyphean task for China's thirty thousand internet police censors. Additionally, China won't allow the opening of any additional Internet cafes in 2007, establishments on which many Chinese rely for Internet access. ⁹

But even as government censors find new ways to block content, bloggers find new ways to evade them. The free expression advocacy group Reporters Without Borders publishes a "handbook for cyber-dissidents" ¹⁰ with technical information on starting a blog, publishing anonymously, sidestepping government controls, and establishing some measure of journalistic credibility. CFR Fellows Steven A. Cook and Michael A. Levi want the U.S. State Department to include a status report on Internet freedom¹¹ in its annual human rights report.

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Footnotes

¹ Supporters Work to Free Egyptian Blogger. Npr.org, March 2007

² Egypt: Don't Enshrine Emergency Rule in Constitution/ Human Rights Watch, March 2007.

³ Blogging Where Speech Isn't Free. Worldchanging.com, March 2007.

⁴ Arab and Iranian Bloggers: Emerging Threat to Official Line. Poynter Online, February 2007.

⁵ Committee to Protect Journalists 2006 Report on Imprisoned Journalists.

⁶ OpenNet Initiative.

⁷ Web censorship spreading globally. Financial Times online, March 2007.

⁸ Reuters, January 2007.

⁹ New Tech in Asia. Business Week, March, 2007.

¹⁰ Reporters without Borders handbook for bloggers and cyber-dissidents.

¹¹ Tangled Web. Freepress.net, March 2007.




Contributed by Andrew Hansen. Reprinted with permission from Council on Foreign Relations.

To read another Global Envision article about government restrictions on internet usage, see China's New Internet Regulations.



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